—
Compendium of Tomato Diseases
Edited by
J. B. Jones John Paul Jones
Gulf Coast Research and Education Center University of Florida, Bradenton
R. E. Stall
University of Florida Gainesville
T. A. Zitter
Cornell University Ithaca, New York
APS PRESS
The Americcn Phytopathological Society
Financial Sponsors
Abbott & Cobb Hybrid Seeds Asgrow Seed Company Campbell Soup Company Del Monte Corporation Northrup King Co. Petoseed Company, Inc. Sakata Seed America, Inc. Sunseeds Genetics, Inc.
Cover photographs by John Paul Jones
Reference in this publication to a trademark, proprietary product, or company name by personnel of the U.S. Department of Agriculture or anyone else is intended for explicit description only and does not imply approval or recommendation to the exclusion of others that may be suitable.
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 91-71246 International Standard Book Number: 0-89054-120-5
© 1991 by The American Phytopathological Society Second printing, 1993
All rights reserved.
No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, including photocopy, microfilm, information storage and retrieval system, computer database, or software, or by any means, including electronic or mechanical, without written permission from the publisher.
Copyright is not claimed in any portion of this work written by U.S. government employees as part of their official duties.
Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper
The American Phytopathological Society
3340 Pilot Knob Road
St. Paul, Minnesota 55121-2097, USA
Preface
This compendium is intended as a general reference and diagnostic guide not only for plant pathologists and other professional agricultural scientists and workers (for whom disease diagnosis is an integral part of their work), but also for the backyard gardener. It provides high-quality color photographs depicting typical signs and symptoms of important tomato diseases occurring throughout the world in the greenhouse, in the field, or in transit to the market, so that individuals with limited experience might be better able to make accurate diagnoses.
Each disease section provides a brief description, which includes a statement of the importance and distribution of the disease, a description of its causal organism or agent, and information on its disease cycle, epidemiology, and control. Because the information presented is introductory, it should be supplemented by the selected references as well as other pertinent information.
In this compendium, diseases are arranged in the following categories: infectious diseases (caused by fungi, bacteria, viruses or viroids. mycoplasmalike organisms, and nematodes); noninfectious diseases (caused by mites and insects, physiological factors, herbicide damage, and nutritional and genetic factors); and diseases of unknown etiology. A section on post-harvest diseases caused by fungi and bacteria is also included.
Control procedures involving chemical treatment and genetic resistance have been written in a general manner to reduce the likelihood of obsolete information. Information concerning specific fungicides, bactericides, and resistant cultivars may be obtained from recent control literature, extension specialists, or other personnel with responsibilities in disease control.
The authors who prepared the sections are identified at the ends of the sections. Sections without such acknowledgments were prepared by the editors. Acknowledgment of photographs is given only where they were not provided by the authors of the accompanying text.
The editors wish to thank R. Barnum, M. L. Huffman. D. Smelser, and G. C. Somodi for their assistance in preparing the manuscript. They also wish to thank the following individuals, who supplied additional photographs for this compendium:
P. B. Adams, USDA-ARC West, Plant Protection Institute,
Beltsville, Maryland L. L. Black, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge R. G. Christie, University of Florida, Gainesville A. S. Costa, Instituto Agronomico, Campinas, Sao Paulo,
Brazil O. J. Dickerson, Clemson University, Clemson, South
Carolina A. W. Engelhard, Gulf Coast Research and Education
Center, University of Florida, Bradenton R. Forster, University of Idaho Research and Extension
Center, Kimberly, Idaho
C. E. Fribourg, Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidad
Nacional Agraria, Lima, Peru
D. Gallitelli, Dipartimento di Patologia Vegetale, Universita
Degli Studi di Bari, Bari, Italy
O. Gracia, Estacion Experimental Agropecuaria Mendoza, INTA, Mendoza, Argentina
S. K. Green, The Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center, Shanhua, Tainan, Taiwan
N. Ioannou, Agricultural Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Nicosia, Cyprus
J. L. Ladipo, Abafemi Awalowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
A. A. MacNab, Pennsylvania State University, University Park
J. F. Price, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Bradenton
E. M. Saadaoui, University Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdallah,
Departement de Biologie, Faculte des Sciences, Mernes,
Morocco
G. W. Simone, University of Florida, Gainesville
J. E. Thomas, Plant Pathology Branch, Department of
Primary Industries, Indooroopilly. Queensland, Australia S. V. Thomson, Utah State University, Logan
C. Vovlas, Dipartimento di Patologia Vegetale, Universita
Degli Studi di Bari, Bari, Italy
D. G. A. Walkey, Institute of Horticultural Research,
Wellesbourne, Warwick, England
iii
Authors
R. E. Barrett Plants of Ruskin Ruskin. FL
J. A. Bartz
University of Florida Gainesville, FL
C. H. Blazquez
Citrus Research and Education Center
University of Florida
Lake Alfred, FL
J. C. Correll
University of Arkansas Fayetteville, AR
.1. P. Crill JOPOCO Walsh. CO
R. G. Gardner
Mountain Horticultural Crops
Research Center North Carolina State University Fletcher, NC
C. M. Geraldson
Gulf Coast Research and Education
Center University of Florida Bradenton, FL
J. P. Gilreath
Gulf Coast Research and Education
Center University of Florida Bradenton, FL
R. D. Gitaitis
Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment
Station University of Georgia Tifton, GA
J. B. Jones
Gulf Coast Research and Education
Center University of Florida Bradenton, FL
J. P. Jones
Gulf Coast Research and Education
Center University of Florida Bradenton, FL
D. N. Maynard
Gulf Coast Research and Education
Center University of Florida Bradenton, FL
S. M. McCarter University of Georgia Athens, GA
A. J. Overman
Gulf Coast Research and Education
Center University of Florida Bradenton. FL
A. O. Paulus University of California Riverside, CA
K. L. Pohronezny
Everglades Research and Education
Center University of Florida Belle Glade, FL
D. J. Schuster
Gulf Coast Research and Education
Center University of Florida Bradenton, FL
J. W. Scott
Gulf Coast Research and Education
Center University of Florida Bradenton, FL
R. E. Stall University of Florida Gainesville, FL
C. D. Stanley
Gulf Coast Research and Education
Center University of Florida Bradenton, FL
W. R. Stevenson University of Wisconsin Madison, Wl
E. C. Tigchelaar
Purdue University
West Lafayette, IN
R. B. Volin Northrup King Co. Naples, FL
J. C. Watterson Petoseed Company, Inc. Woodland, CA
T. A. Zitter Cornell University Ithaca, NY
v
Contents
Introduction
1 Tomato Diseases
1 Parasitic Diseases
2 Nonparasitic Diseases
2 Botany and Culture
4Seed Production
5 Field Transplant Production
5 Containerized Transplant Production
6 Cultural Practices
Part I. Infectious Diseases
9 Diseases Caused by Fungi
9 Alternaria Stem Canker (Black Mold)
9 Anthracnose
10 Black Root Rot
11 Buckeye Rot and Phytophthora Root Rot
11 Cercospora Leaf Mold
12 Charcoal Rot
12 Corky Root Rot
13 Didymella Stem Rot
13 Early Blight
14 Fusarium Crown and Root Rot
15 Fusarium Wilt
15 Gray Leaf Spot
16 Gray Mold
17 Late Blight
18 Leaf Mold
18 Phoma Rot
19 Powdery Mildew
20 Pythium Diseases
21 Rhizoctonia Diseases
22 Septoria Leaf Spot
22 Southern Blight
23 Target Spot
23 Verticillium Wilt
24 White Mold
25 Diseases Caused by Bacteria
25Bacterial Canker
26 Bacterial Speck
27 Bacterial Spot
27 Bacterial Stem Rot
28 Bacterial Wilt
29 Syringae Leaf Spot
30 Tomato Pith Necrosis
31 Diseases Caused by Viruses
31 Alfalfa Mosaic
35 Cucumber Mosaic
36 Curly Top
36 Potato Virus Y
37 Tobacco Etch
38 Tomato Bushy Stunt
39 Tomato Mosaic and Tobacco Mosaic
40 Tomato Spotted Wilt
40 Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl
41 Tomato Yellow Top
42 Minor Diseases Caused by Viruses
42 Diseases Caused by Viroids
43Diseases Caused by Mycoplasmalike Organisms
43 Aster Yellows
43 Tomato Big Bud
44 Postharvest Diseases and Disorders of Tomato Fruit
44 Postharvest Losses
44 Bacterial Soft Rot
45 Sour Rot
46 Rhizopus Rot
46 Black Mold Rot
47 Gray Mold Rot
47 Predisposition to Postharvest Diseases
48 Control of Postharvest Diseases
49 Diseases Caused by Nematodes
49Root-Knot Nematodes
50 Ectoparasites
50Sting Nematode
51 Stubby-Root Nematodes
52 Other Nematodes
52 Nematodes as Vectors of Disease
52 Nematode Management
Part II. Noninfectious Diseases
53 Diseases and Damage Caused by Arthropods
53 Mites
53 Spider Mites
53 Tomato Russet Mite
53 Insects
53 Aphids
54 Whiteflies
54 Thrips
54 True Bugs
55 Physiological Diseases
55 Blossom Drop
55 Blossom-End Rot
55 Catface
56 Chilling Injury
56 Growth Cracks
56 Internal White Tissue
56 Puffiness
56 Rain Check
57 Spider Track
vi,
57
Sunscald
57
Water Wilt
57
Yellow Shoulder (Yellow Top, Persistent
Green Shoulder)
58
Zippering
58
Herbicide Damage
60
Nutritional Diseases
63
Genetic Diseases
Part III. Diseases of Undetermined Etiology
65 Gray wall
65 Black Shoulder
67 Glossary
71 Index
Color Plates (following page 34)
VIII
